Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary. Normally this occurs approximately every 28 days. The time from the start of the period to ovulation is variable; however it is usually 14 days from ovulation to the next period. Anovulation is the absence of ovulation. Anovulation is frequently corrected with fertility drugs in a process called ovulation induction. Ovulation induction is also performed in patients who are ovulatory to increase the chance of pregnancy. Most pregnancies occur in three cycles of a particular therapy.
Commonly prescribed drugs include: clomiphene citrate, human chorionic gonadotropin, follicle stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin.
Clomiphene citrate (CC) is often used to correct ovulatory disturbances. Approximately 80 percent of individuals will ovulate and approximately 40 percent will achieve a pregnancy using CC. CC is usually started at a dose of 50 - 100 mg daily by mouth on days 3 to 5 of the cycle and continued for 5 days. Ovulation usually occurs a week after the last dose of clomiphene, from days 12 through 21 of the cycle. The total cycle may be as long as 35 days. Documentation of ovulation may be confirmed with a day 21 progesterone blood test, basal body temperature chart or a urine ovulation predictor kit. If ovulation is not achieved, the dose is increased by 50 mg increments usually to a maximum dose of 150 mg daily.
The side effects of CC include:
- Hot flashes (10%)
- Abdominal discomfort (5%)
- Nausea and vomiting (2.2%)
- Headache (1.3%)
- Visual symptoms (1.5%)
- Mood swings
The risks of CC include multiple pregnancy, ovarian cysts, torsion (twisting of the ovary), and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. An increased risk of ovarian cancer has been debated and the data are conflicting; however, it is recommended to minimize the number of cycles to those necessary.
Baseline ultrasound or pelvic exam should be performed in consecutive cycles to avoid large cyst formation. Visual symptoms usually resolve within two weeks. CC should be discontinued if visual symptoms occur and an alternative therapy utilized. The multiple pregnancy rate is approximately 5 percent, almost entirely twins; however, rare cases of higher order multiples have been reported. Once ovulation has been achieved, higher doses of CC do not appear to have any beneficial effects. One should reassess therapy after 3 ovulatory cycles if no conception occurs. The pregnancy rate with additional cycles is low, although the ovulatory rate remains high.
CC may alter the quality of the lining of the uterus and the cervical mucous. CC may make the lining of the uterus thin. If this occurs the chance of pregnancy is low. This may be corrected by adjusting the dosage of CC or using FSH in subsequent cycles. CC may make cervical mucous thick and impermeable to sperm. Intrauterine insemination of sperm bypasses the cervical mucous and may increase the chance of pregnancy.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is often added to CC or FSH cycles. HCG causes the ovary to release an egg and help time inseminations. Ovulation usually occurs 36-72 hours after hCG is given. HCG will cause pregnancy tests to be falsely positive.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is the hormone that stimulates eggs to mature in the ovary. Recombinant FSH is manufactured in the laboratory. These products do not contain Luteinizing hormone (LH), a hormone that helps regulate the menstrual cycle and egg production (ovulation). Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) contains equal parts of FSH and LH that are derived from the urine of menopausal women. FSH may be used in women who can not make their own FSH, who failed CC or to increase the chance of pregnancy in ovulatory women. FSH treatment requires careful monitoring. Risks include a multiple pregnancy rate of 20-30 percent and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome rate of 1 percent. An increased risk of ovarian cancer has been debated and the data are conflicting; however, it is recommended to minimize the number of cycles to those necessary.
FSH is usually begun on the third day of the cycle by either subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The daily dose is adjusted after monitoring with ultrasound and estradiol blood tests. The injections usually last 7-12 days, but may take longer if the ovaries are slow to respond. Once a mature egg is identified on ultrasound ovulation is triggered with hCG or LH. The cycle may be canceled if too few or too many eggs develop.
GnRH agonists and antagonists are synthetic hormones that are administered by injection to control the release of LH. GnRH analogues are used to prevent the spontaneous release of an egg.